A. Foreword
Individual of modern society frequently face constraint of personality disintegration. It means a value of
religious is not integrated in behavioral implementation of everyday life. Human being in modern society oftentimes dissociate between religious or values of confidence with existing values in science, more make account of one of than combine both. This matter is strengthened by Dewey in Ghulam Haider Aasi: “The problem of restoring integration and cooperative between man’s beliefs about the world in which he lives and his beliefs about the values and purposes that should direct his conduct is the deepest problem of modern life.”[1]Human being is responsible to create a harmonious and the prosperity bliss live for a present and future life as according to God will through His messengers. This clarification include meaning of integrity among ability of active human being to look after, managing nature, and the messages which implied in the will of The Most Creator (Allah SWT) in creating this nature.Due to this description, the point getting more clear that perfect individual of human being characterized at least by two basic elements which interdependent each other, that is between science element domination (science and technological) with moral element, ethics, or the behavior (akhlaqul karimah). This matter in accordance with Act of The Republic of Indonesia, Number 20, Year 2003, On National Education System, Article 3, that the national education functions to develop the capability, character, and civilization of the nation for enhancing its intellectual capacity, and is aimed at developing learners’ potentials so that they persons imbued with human values who are faithful and pious to one and only God; who possess morals and noble character; who are healthy, knowledgeable, competent, creative, independent; and as citizens, are democratic and responsible.Indonesian nation have experienced of challenge from various life aspect covering information globalization impact, endless economics crisis, nation disintegration, and rare of employment. Even hitherto, social and moral crisis still dominate nation and state life. These conditions—have consequence—decrease the quality of social life in general.Based on this reason, The Government of Indonesia has conducted various efforts to overcome the issues. One of them is developing human resource so that become solid. Preeminent human resource represent biggest factor to save Indonesian nation from various troublesome. The excellence human resources include the core important science aspect, technological, and the noble character (akhlaqul karimah) or moral. These aspects always implemented in running national education system in Indonesia, either through explicit or implicit.These aspects represent spirit of union of national education substances. This matter is inspired by the fact that how many world of education especially in Indonesia have wrong emphasis toward education that is only at domain of ICT, neglected side of behavior and kindness of nation ethic. Such policy is mentioned as according to what stated by Islam. In Islam, target of study (thalabul ilmi) is to form behavior of individual to be high ethical standards (akhlaqul karimah). Those who gained a lot of science, but do not bear fruit charitable of kindliness, hence that science becoming no meaning. Ibnu Qoyyim in “Ahkam Al-Maulud” said, “The need of a child is an attention to his behavior. He will grow according to what accustomed by his educator.”Thus, if a child in his early growing accustomed by fulminate, headstrong, hurried and easy to follow passion atmosphere, gratuitous, greedy and so on, hence will be difficult for him to recover and avoid that impious actions (sayyiat) when adult. Such impious actions will become the nature of and the coherent behavior at him self. If he is not shaped from that impious actions, hence at one particular that conduct will emerge. Therefore we find most human being which his behavior digress that because of education which passing by them.”[2]Following proposed a polemic about the objective of religion education in school; science versus academic morality; free science and Islam assess; morality in contact of national education of Indonesia versus cultural properties socialize Indonesian nation; and implementation of morality values ( akhlaqul karimah) at school as reflection from cultivation of akhlaqul karimah values which emphasized by The Prophet SAW ( Serah of Prophet). B. Polemic about the Objective of Religion Education in SchoolThe existent of religion education in school in Indonesia is becoming subject of a polemic. The polemic concerned its existent and its objective. Concerning to its existent, whether education of religion properly in the form of separate subject, or integrated into entire education activity? While concerning its objective, whether education of religion emphasized aspect of enforcer, religious service, or aspect of morality development?”In answer to that question, The Government of Indonesia emphasized that religion education at school do not only comprehended “knowledge.” And the objective of religion education in practice, do not only addressed to uphold “religious service” but also to form “moralities” of Indonesian nation. This policy represent respond to those who critical that religion education at school only tend to comprehended as “knowledge” and tend to uphold religious service than to form moralities (akhlaqul karimah).[3]The Government of Indonesia realizes that life reality requires both religion and moral. Unfortunately, the phenomenon of religiosity more influenced than morality. This is why some of Indonesian nation proposed that moral education more precise for Indonesia.[4]Along with religious conference polemic or the moral, religion education progressively gets more strengthen. It was because of The Government of Indonesia—through The Act of National of Education System—confirm even provide with emphasizing that every learner in an educational unit is entitled to received religious education in accordance with his/her religion, imparted by and educator who has the religion (Article 1 of National Education System Act). It means, moral education separately (as subject) shall no longer be promoted to replace religion education. In accordance with this policy, The Government of Indonesia emphasizes that religion education should develop moral values (Akhlaqul karimah) as expected by nation. C. Science versus Academic MoralityEvery religion positions its self as a group of glory values in this world. Whether related directly to human being or everything around them. It was no need to debate whether sciences are free from morality values or have to be influenced by morality values, because value of religion have to influence science and nation morality.Islam, Christian, and Roman, for example, integrate religion and education in the institutes of education which they manage. If religion becomes an indivisible aspect from education sector, hence the school managed by a state in fact will not deny this compulsion. Dissociation of religion and education, either directly or indirectly, will invite polemic and confrontation. In state with one believe (religion), problem becomes relative modestly. But in state with religion manner, study of religion becomes more complex. The only way to neutralize situation for example, is to emphasize the values of moral in religiosity as the objective of all religion. Based on this reason, some states emphasize moral education instead of religion lesson.Indonesia look into religion not solely moral, because religion beside own moral dimension, also contain other dimension, for example religious service. Therefore the Government of Indonesia does not emphasize moral lesson instead of religion subject, on the chance of the religion remain to be comprehended is broader than moral. Become beside teach moral, dissimilar neither dimension in religion nor defeated. This Statement is anomalous in fact, because religious service, akidah and so on intrinsically is also moral. Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon Him) said: اِنَّمَا بُعِثْتُ ِلأُ تَمِّمَ مَكَارِمَ اْلأَخْلاََق (My Brochure Mission just too complete moral of human being in order to the glory). This tends to comprehended by society.Discourse of diametrical relationship between moralities and scientific attitude in fact have become topic of dispute for a long time. Each of moral and science assumed as a part of knowledge having separate character. The essence of moral is a guide which should be conducted by human being. On the contrary, science ever cope to lay open reality as what the existence. Science assumed as free knowledge assess, more having the character of dogmatic. While moral always tend to force that values, even to erudite argument. In fact, there is no need to make dichotomy between science and moral, because the growth of science cannot be discharged from ethics and moral (akhlaqul karimah).Justice story to Galileo by religion power at 1633, in the beginning considered to be a historical bollard of science liberation from moral values. But at last decade, all of us witness praised drama at case of “cloning”. Even though cloning influenced all scientist to explore science and technology, but finally cloning have to harvest criticism because at variance with the moral values. This Statement—moral and science union—did not mean that the enforcing assess of moral for science will push science withdraw rear. Scientific observation cause remain to expand, as long as can be used and exploited for human life necessity. Equally, scientific attitude to science use own ground its morality. If that way, hence view Galileo ( 1564-1642) refusing religion dogma that “sun rotate to encircle earth,” having the power of science which still bother morality value, because there is verification for dogma which is disagree with factual fact as found by Copernicus (1473-1543). Therefore it can be tolerable. On the contrary, case cloning also has the power of science but without morality giving benefit for human being; only condescend to human being, therefore it competent to be discontinued. D. Free Science and Islam AssessProphet Muhammad SAW said, what its meaning: “Allah SWT will be optimal of His torture in doomsday to bookish people which his science do not give benefit”, implying the important of morality to all scientist. Even Al Qur’an and Hadits of Prophet repeatedly order mankind look for science, but the key safety of human being in this world and in the day after (yaumul akhirah) in the end is not determined by science itself, but by the morality or noble character (akhlaqul karimah) of the scientist. That is why Prophet Muhammad SAW affirm that his arrival mission none other than to complete akhlaqul karimah. Though in that behavior completion process, science become its prerequisite (hadits). Even manifestly in verses of Al Qur’an, Allah SWT curses scientist clan whose utilizes his science for lying against Allah, as He has said in the Qur’an:وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَنْ يُعْجِبُكَ قَوْلُهُ فِى الْحَيَوٰٰةِ الدُّنْيَا وَيُشْهِدُ اللهَ عَلَى مَا فِى قَلْبِهِ وَ هُوَ أَلَدّ ُ الْخِصاَمِ . “And of mankind there is he whose speech may please you (O Muhammad SAW), in this worldly life, and he calls Allah to witness as to that which is in his heart, yet he is the most quarrelsome of the opponents” (Al-Baqarah, 2:204)Thereby, science is not a guarantee to become guide for its owner, as affirmed in Holy Qur’an:وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَنْ يُجٰـدِلُ فِى اللهِ بِغَيْرِ عِلْمٍ وَيَتَّبِعُ كُلَّ شَيْطَـٰنٍ مَّرِيْدٍ .
”And among mankind is he who dispute concerning Allah, without knowledge, and follows every rebellious (disobedient to Allah) devil (devoid of every kind of good.” (Al Hajj, 22:3)
In fact, Al Qur’an itself does not border by the existing of science as free knowledge assesses (value free). That matter is proven with the nature of science which multifunction. Science can be used to good advantage and for the badness. Science also have the character of universal and communal, it means that science becomes cooperative ownership, so that each and everyone is entitled to explore it. A lot of among science does not show promise for its owner, but same science for other become source of guidance (Hidayatan limustahiqihi). Based on this reason, Islam remain to free science as hikmah (neutral knowledge) for its explorer (hadits), and at the same time Allah gives values which must be developed by the user.The independency of science as mentioned above, totally dissociated from the owner, so that if all kind of science accepted by Islam as neutrally, hence do not that way by the owner of science (usually referred as a Moslem scholar). Imam Ghazali has referred the classification which made by Prophet Muhammad SAW for Moslem scholar become two: (1) Eternity Moslem Scholar (Ulamaul Akhirah), that is real a correct scientist and (2) Sin Moslem Scholar (Ulamaus Su’), that is a scientist which fall to pieces. If the classification in that way attributed by a noble attitude which should be demanded by all scientist, hence at the end is the demand to all scientist in order to have a noble character in respect of professional and social responsibility among society.Professional responsibility and the social is a phenomenon in which science develops as according to moral values, so that can give benefit for life. Intellectual who conducting scientific betrayal for example, as proposed by Julian Object, representing one of bouncing dissolute scientist. In consequently, Islam agrees in cursing him. Prophet Muhammad SAW He himself explicitly appreciates to those who murdered because of criticizing the wrong action (mistake) of the sovereign. According to Prophet SAW, those who murdered in that way are dying in a best holy war (Syahid). Hence one of shahabah (Huzaifah RA) mentioned intellectual betrayal as a source of all libel, because they let sovereign with falsehood.[5]This as according to principle of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon Him) mission: اِنَّمَا بُعِثْتُ ِلأُ تَمِّمَ مَكَارِمَ اْلأَخْلاََق “My Brochure Mission just too complete moral of human being in order to the glory”. Behavior by itself becomes motto of conducting education. It was because in the day after, human being have to response his life in front of Allah SWT, what can make them pass and get away from heaven is only their behavior. Not merely their science. Those who gained more knowledge which only in the form of science, however is not combined with excellence behavior (akhlaqul karimah), like case of all corruptor which in fact is clever coon, only mirror meaning of height ladder of their education becoming nothing. It means nothing (Mubazir) in the eye of Allah SWT and even in human being level.E. Morality in Contact of National Education of Indonesia versus Social Culture of Indonesian NationUrgency of academic morality in attitude development framework as explained above was a part of vision, mission and the objective of Indonesian nation in compiling and developing education system. It was described in Article 3, National Education System Act of The Republic of Indonesia No.20 Year 2003, that is: “the national education functions to develop the capability, character, and civilization of the nation for enhancing its intellectual capacity, and is aimed at developing learners’ potentials so that they persons imbued with human values who are faithful and pious to one and only God; who possess morals and noble character; who are healthy, knowledgeable, competent, creative, independent; and as citizens, are democratic and responsible.Spirit of aforesaid section is that the development of scientific attitude must be conducted by values of kindness of ethic and also good morality (akhlaqul karimah). In framework, a kind of this, is domain of science and values developed in system of Indonesia education. Domain of Value which aim to build the attitude relate to scientific attitude, values of religion and Indonesian nation culture. Such values were the core important at basic education and secondary education. For example emboldening of byword, ceremony execution, marching, saying greeting and act other order to train to uphold discipline and work to devote to train sensitivity to environment, development of responsibility attitude, self-supporting, owning job ethos, polite, tolerance, etcetera.As support to the policy, trend of private education sector in Indonesia has expanded providing education based on science and moral. For example the growth of Islamic school, boarding school of madrasah, developing pesantren become organizer of manner, type and ladder set of the education, and others.This reality explicitly has been appreciated by National Education System Act of The Republic of Indonesia, Article 55 (1), that is: “Community shall have the rights to provide community-based education at formal and non-formal education in accordance with the specific religion, social norms, and culture for the benefit of the community.” Cultural and social factor have been realized as a vital importance to anticipate the appearance of factors which can to become cause pursuing of educational implementation which was expected by the Government of Indonesia. Governmental Attitude of Indonesia which accommodates to various democratization demand, autonomy, and also decentralize to have a share to mark change process. Of course, this matter own significant impact to the change of policy in education sector. A part of the democratization element for example fulfilling of demand that education and religion study in Indonesia arranged and corrected in order to synchronize its objective. The willingness to emphasize the portrait of religion study emerged as warmest issue as long as national education reform takes place, the core important before authentication of National Education System Act No. 20 Year 2003. Its target only one: how religion education taught in school can improve nation morality become well. Not merely limited to what religion and learnt to whom, or whose teach religion, however whether entire religion that taught by, after all its pattern is altered based on selection of so much people desire alternative, as provisions in the said Act, can create human being of Indonesia more have moral than previous?In the irony of separateness of science and moral which horrible, organizer set of education with religion nuances, fore instance pesantren, emerge popular progressively, reclaiming attention, and become a model. Organizer Education of this alternative does not always name itself as pesantren, but a lot of those who name it with an institute of organizer system of inwrought education (pendidikan terpadu). What ever the term which they use, the core important is an effort for combining science and moral. F. Implementation of Morality Values ( Akhlaqul Karimah) at SchoolAs have been proposed that scientific attitude development must be conducted by values of kindness of ethic and also good morality (akhlaqul karimah). In framework, a kind of this is domain of science and values developed in system of Indonesia education. Value domains which aim to build the attitude relate to scientific attitude, Indonesian nation culture and religion values. Such values were the core important at basic education and secondary education.Subject of curriculum in the system of education in Indonesia includes moral education and religion education since year 1947. Moral education and religion education as compulsory subject for all education aimed to form good attitude. In the beginning of year 1975, Government provides a guardian and counseling teacher to form student personality. In 1994 Government enter item of faith (iman) and piety (taqwa) into subject and also insert item of ethic education for religion and PPKN Lesson area. Other program to construct faith, piety and moral improvement is execution pesantren gleam or of a kind conducted in school each month of the Ramadan or represent the part of activity after accepting new student. Those various policy and program that school really shows how level of effort which has been conducted by The Government of Indonesia to yield student which have moral.The education of ethics (akhlaq) which conducted in schools, at basic education and secondary education, as decanted in standard fill (Standard Isi) pursuant to Regulation [of] Minister of National Education number 22 year 2006, including three aspects: (1) accustoming behavior praised (tathbiiqus suluk al mahmudah), (2) avoiding the nature of culpable (ib’aadus suluk al sayyiah), and (3) applying civil of manners (tathbiiqul Adaab Al Yaumiyyah). In detail can be proposed as the following.1. Sekolah Dasar (Basic Education)a) Accustom behavior praised: downright, holding responsible, clean life, discipline, diligent, mutually help, respect to parent, low [of] liver, simple life, self confidence, assiduous, economical, a friend at court, hard work, humane to animal, and humane to environment.b) Present respectably: eat and drink, civil learn, civil defecate and minimize, respect and decent to teacher, and decent to neighbors.c) the behavioral Byword: repent of Prophet Adam AS, childhood of Prophet Muhammad SAW, Prophet of Ibrahim AS, Prophet of Ismail AS, Prophet of Ayyub AS, Prophet of Musa AS, Prophet of ‘Isa AS, Khalifah Abubakar RA, Umar Bin Khattab RA, obstinacy of struggle of clan of Muhajirin in everyday life in environment of educative competitor, and mutually help of clan of Anshar in everyday life in environment of educative competitor.d) Avoid behavior (culpable): grudge (hasad) like Abu Lahab and Abu Jahal and lie (Kadzib) like Musailamah Al Kadzab. 2. Sekolah Menengah Pertama (Secondary Basic Education)a) Accustom behavior praised: tawadhu, ta’at, qana’ah, patient, hard work, resilient, assiduous, accurate, zuhud, tawakkal, and tasamuh in everyday life.b) Present respectably: eat and drink in everyday lifec) Avoid behavior ( culpable): resentful, hypocrisy, and takabbur in everyday life 3. Sekolah Menengah Atas (Secondary Education)a) Accustom behavior praised: husnuzhan, bertaubat and king’, esteeming masterpiece of fair others, ridha, doing a good deed shaleh, and show association and reconciliation in everyday life.b) Present respectably: in dressing, dressing smartly, journey, being coming guest and or accept guest in everyday life. c) Avoid behavior ( culpable): big sinning, isyrof, tabzir, ghibah and libel in everyday life All the represent ethic construction elements (akhlaqul karimah) to all student at school as reflections from serah Muhammad SAW. If we study furthermore, hence we can formulate pillar for ethic constructions, for example:1. Sincerity (As Sdidqu)Sincerity represents one important pillar among Islam pillar. To focused and confirm this matter is required by hard work. Rasulullah SAW He Himself give attention to inculcate that conduct at child himself. He also gives guidance to parent in order to familiarize sincerity. This for the purpose of in order to they do not come into culpable dishonesty, then do lie to child which in the end will be imitated by child.Prophet Muhammad SAW placed common principle that child as the human being having rights in the case of human interaction (muamalah). It was not right for parent to cheat or lie of any way and deny interaction (muamalah) with child.Abu Dawud reports from Abdullah bin Umar that he says,“One day My mother called me.“ At the same time Rasulullah SAW was sitting with us in our home. May mother said,“Come here, I will give you something“!Rasulullah SAW then enquires, what will you pass to him?’ He replies, I will give him date. He saids, if really you do not give something to him, hence you guarantee sin (lying).” Imam Ahmad reports from Abu Hurairah that Rasulullah SAW said, whosoever saying to his child, Here, I give something, but really he does not give it to him, hence he was written with liar.”[6] 2. Cordiality, Do not Grudge Attitude of Cordiality and far from malice will realize balance of soul for human being and will accustom to always love to kindliness for society. He also will give way for kindliness of soul of human being for gaining the success in the life. Prophet of Muhammad SAW have appreciated shahabah Anas bin Malik when he was young (child)—to clean stain of soul in morning and afternoon—by giving forgiveness to each and everyone doing ignorant to him, as well as emptying his soul from evil tendencies in his mind.[7]In addition, Islamic scholars[8] have suggested that there are three states or stages of the development of human soul or nafs: (1) ammārah (12:53), which is prone to evil, and, if not checked and controlled, will lead to perdition; (2) lawwāmah, (75:2), which feels consciousness of evil, and resists it, asks for Allah’s grace and pardon after repentance and tries to amend; it hopes to reach salvation; (3) muthma’innah (89:27), the highest stage of all, when the soul achieves full rest and satisfaction after ‘aql (intellect) has checked the evil tendencies of man.[9]If a Muslim persists in behaving unethically, he is succumbing to the ammārah; if he is behaving Islamically, he is fighting the evil impulses of the ammārah, and responding to the direction of lawwāmah and muthma’innah. Of course, what will govern his ethical behavior and the interaction among these three states of the soul is his level of taqwa or piety. Depending on which level his nafs is at and whether he is winning or losing the battle against temptation and evil, he may be more or less prone towards behaving ethically. 3. Adabul Mu’amalah (Civil Manner) Al Hafizh Ibnu Hajar said: Adab is use deed or word praised. This matter is referred with excellence behavior (makarim al akhlaq). Other named it as “good behavior”. Or “one who respect to the older and wise polite the younger”. Or “He is taken because he invite for that” [10] Al Junaedi RA has been questioned about adab, and then said: “Adab [is] good association” [11] Therefore, the urgency of adab can be found clearly in interaction (mu’amalah) and association. Even he become outward appearance from youngster and also parent. Therefore, inculcating adab to child represent priority from moral education (behavior). Poet Shalih bin Abdul Quddus says: [12] “Child which you teach him adab in a period of youth Execute tree bar which you pouring water when planting it So that you see it full of fresh leaves After previously you saw the tree drying.” G. ConclusionIndonesian nation have experienced of challenge from various life aspect covering information globalization impact, endless economics crisis, nation disintegration, and rare of employment. Even hitherto, social and moral crisis still dominate nation and state life. These conditions—have consequence—decrease the quality of social life in general.Based on this reason, The Government of Indonesia has conducted various efforts to overcome the issues. One of them is developing human resource so that become solid. Preeminent human resource represent biggest factor to save Indonesian nation from various troublesome. The excellence human resources include the core important science aspect, technological, and the noble character (akhlaqul karimah) or moral. These aspects always implemented in running national education system in Indonesia, either through explicit or implicit.These aspects represent spirit of union of national education substances. This matter is inspired by the fact that how many world of education especially in Indonesia have wrong emphasis toward education that is only at domain of ICT, neglected side of behavior and kindness of nation ethic. Such policy is mentioned as according to what stated by Islam. In Islam, target of study (thalabul ilmi) is to form behavior of individual to be high ethical standards (akhlaqul karimah). Those who gained a lot of science, but do not bear fruit charitable of kindliness, hence that science becoming no meaning.
[5] Ibnu Quddamah al Muqoddasi. Minhajul Qosidin, pp.6
[6] Suwaid, Muhammad. Opt.Cit. pp. 244
[7] Ibid., pp.248
[8] Rizvi, S.A. Muslim Tradition in Psychotherapy and Modern Trends. Lahor, Pakistan: Institute of Islamic Culture.
[9] Ibid., pp.50-51
[12] Ibnu Abdil Barr. Jami’ Bayan al ’Ilm wa Fazhlihi. 1/86
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